Overview & Needs Assesment

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2. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm.
3. Blay SL, Andreoli SB, Gastal FL. Chronic painful physical conditions, disturbed sleep and psychiatric morbidity: results from an elderly survey. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul-Sep;19(3):169-174.
4. Von Korff M, Lin EH, Fenton JJ, Saunders K. Frequency and priority of pain patients' health care use. Clin J Pain. 2007 Jun;23(5):400-408.
5. Stewart, W.F., Ricci, J.A., Chee, E., Morganstein, D., & Lipton, R. (2003). Lost productive time and cost due to common pain conditions in the US workforce. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(18), 2443-2454.

Module 6

1. Andrews K, Fitzgerald M. Cutaneous flexion reflex in human neonates: a quantitative study of threshold and stimulus-response characteristics after single and repeated stimuli. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999;41:696-703.
2. Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL, Koren G. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet. 1997;349: 599-603.
3. Schechter NL. The undertreatment of pain in children: an overview. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1989;36:781-794.
4. Anand KJ, Hickey PR. Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1321-1329.
5. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, American Academy of Pediatrics; Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, American Pain Society. The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):793-797.
6. Grunau RV, Johnston CC, Craig KD. Neonatal facial and cry responses to invasive and non-invasive procedures. Pain. 1990;42:295-305.
7. Stevens B, Johnston C, Petryshen P, Taddio A. Premature Infant Pain Profile: development and initial validation. Clin J Pain. 1996;12:13-22.
8. Lawrence J, Alcock D, McGrath P, Kay J, MacMurray SB, Dulberg C. The development of a tool to assess neonatal pain. Neonatal Netw. 1993;12:59-66.
9. Merkle SI, Shayevitz JR, Voepel-Lewis T, Malviya S. The FLACC: A behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997;23:293-297.
10. von Baeyer CL. Children's self-report of pain intensity: what we know, where we are headed. Pain Res Manag. 2009;14(1):39-45.
11. Wong DL, Hockenberry-Eaton M, Wilson D, Winkelstein M, Schwartz P. Essentials of Pediatric Nursing. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001:1301.
    
12. Beyer JE, Denyes MJ, Villarruel AM. The creation, validation, and continuing development of the Oucher: a measure of pain intensity in children. J Pediatr Nurs. 1992;7:335-346.
13. Hester NO, Foster R, Kristensen K. Measurement of pain in children: generalizability and validity of the Pain Ladder and the Poker Chip Tool. In: Tyler DC, Krane EJ, eds. Pediatric Pain. Vol 15. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. New York: Raven Press Ltd.; 1990:70-84.
14. McGrath P, Gillespie J. Pain Assessment in Children and Adolescents. In: Turk DC, Melzack R, eds. Handbook of Pain Assessment. New York: Guilford Press; 2001:97-117.
15. Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V. The Varni-Thompson pediatric pain questionnaire I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pain. 1987;28:29-38.
16. Children’s comprehensive pain questionnaire [CCPQ](1984). Ross DM; Ross SA. In: McGrath PA. (1990). Pain in children: Nature, assessment, and treatment. New York: Guilford Press. pg.68-70, 392-400.
17. Walco GA, Halpern SL, Conte PM. Pain in Infants and Children. In: Tollison CD, Satterthwaithe JR, Tollison JW, eds. Practical Pain Management. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002:748-759.
18. Tateishi T, Nakura H, Asoh M, et al. A comparison of hepatic cytochrome P450 protein expression between infancy and postinfancy. Life Sci. 1997;61:2567-2574.
19. van den Anker JN. Pharmacokinetics and renal function in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85:1393-1399.
20. Martin RJ, DiFiore JM, Jana L, et al. Persistence of the biphasic ventilatory response to hypoxia in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1998;132:960-964.
21. Cohen G, Malcolm G, Henderson-Smart D. Ventilatory response of the newborn infant to mild hypoxia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1997;24:163-172.
22. Allameh A, Vansoun EY, Zarghi A. Role of glutathione conjugation in protection of weanling rat liver against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Mech Ageing Dev. 1997;95:71-79.
23. Anderson BJ, van Lingen RA, Hansen TG, Lin YC, Holford NH. Acetaminophen developmental pharmacokinetics in premature neonates and infants: a pooled population analysis. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:1336-1345. 
24. Montgomery CJ, McCormack JP, Reichert CC, Marsland CP. Plasma concentrations after high-dose (45 mg.kg-1) rectal acetaminophen in children. Can J Anaesth. 1995;42:982-986.
25. Birmingham PK, Tobin MJ, Henthorn TK, et al. Twenty-four-hour pharmacokinetics of rectal acetaminophen in children: an old drug with new recommendations. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:244-252.
26. Berde CB, Sethna NF. Analgesics for the treatment of pain in children. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1094-1103.
27. Szer IS, Goldenstein-Schainberg C, Kurtin PS. Paucity of renal complications associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children with chronic arthritis. J Pediatr. 1991;119:815-817.
28. Lesko SM, Mitchell AA. The safety of acetaminophen and ibuprofen among children younger than two years old. Pediatrics 1999;104(4):e.
    
29. Vetter TR, Heiner EJ. Intravenous ketorolac as an adjuvant to pediatric patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. J Clin Anesth. 1994;6:110-113.
    
30. Houck CS, Wilder RT, McDermott JS, Sethna NF, Berde CB. Safety of intravenous ketorolac therapy in children and cost savings with a unit dosing system. J Pediatr. 1996;129:292-296.
    
31. Anand KJ, Anderson BJ, Holford NH, et al. Morphine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in preterm and term neonates: secondary results from the NEOPAIN trial. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101(5):680-689.
    
32. Caraco Y, Sheller J, Wood AJ. Impact of ethnic origin and quinidine coadministration on codeine’s disposition and pharmacodynamic effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;290:413-422.
33. Esmail Z, Montgomery C, Courtrn C, Hamilton D, Kestle J. Efficacy and complications of morphine infusions in postoperative paediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth. 1999;9:321-327.
34. Berde CB, Lehn BM, Yee JD, Sethna NF, Russo D. Patient-controlled analgesia in children and adolescents: a randomized, prospective comparison with intramuscular administration of morphine for postoperative analgesia. J Pediatr. 1991;118:460-466.
35. Monitto CL, Greenberg RS, Kost-Byerly S, et al. The safety and efficacy of parent-/nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than six years of age. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:573-579.
36. McNeely JK, Trentadue NC. Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia with and without nighttime morphine infusion following lower extremity surgery in children. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997;13:268-273.
    
37. Berde CB, Beyer JE, Bournaki MC, Levin CR, Sethna NF. Comparison of morphine and methadone for prevention of postoperative pain in 3- to 7-year-old children. J Pediatr. 1991;119:136-141.
38. Zempsky WT. Pharmacologic approaches for reducing venous access pain in children. Pediatrics. 2008;122 Suppl 3:S140-153.
39. Yamada J, Stinson J, Lamba J, Dickson A, McGrath PJ, Stevens B. A review of systematic reviews on pain interventions in hospitalized infants. Pain Res Manag. 2008;13(5):413-420.
40. Irsfeld S, Klement W, Lipfert P. Dermal anaesthesia: comparison of EMLA cream with iontophoretic local anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1993;71:375-378.
41. Eichenfield LF, Funk A, Fallon-Friedlander S, Cunningham BB. A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of ELA-Max (4% liposomal lidocaine) as compared with eutectic mixture of local anesthetics cream for pain reduction of venipuncture in children. Pediatrics. 2002;109:1093-1099.
42. Reis EC Jacobson RM Tarbell S Weniger BG Taking the sting out of shots: control of vaccination-associated pain and adverse reactions. Pediatr Ann. 1998;27:375-386.
43. Krauss B, Green SM. Procedural sedation and analgesia in children. Lancet. 2006;367(9512):766-780.