AMA Home Online Series Home Course Home References Print Course
CME Information
Introduction
T-Scores
Recommendations for BMD Testing
BMD Measurement Reports
Choosing a Measurement Site
Summary
Self-Assessment
left_shadow

  References

01 of 01

1. Bone health and osteoporosis: A report of the Surgeon General.Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2004. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/.

2. Neuner JM, Zimmer JK, Hamel MB. Diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with vertebral compression fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:483-491. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12657067.

3. Hodgson SF, Watts NB, Bilezikian JP, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2001 edition, with selected updates for 2003. Endocr Pract. 2003;9:544-564. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14715483.

4. Seeman E. Osteoporosis: trials and tribulations. Am J Med. 1997;103:74S-87S; discussion 87S-89S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9302899.

5. Levis S, Altman R. Bone densitometry: clinical considerations. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:577-587. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9550466.

6. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1994;843:1-129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7941614.

7. Lofman O, Larsson L, Toss G. Bone mineral density in diagnosis of osteoporosis: reference population, definition of peak bone mass, and measured site determine prevalence. J Clin Densitom. 2000;3:177-186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871911.

8. Chen Z, Maricic M, Lund P, Tesser J, Gluck O. How the new Hologic hip normal reference values affect the densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8:423-427. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9850349.

9. Kanis JA. An update on the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2000;2:62-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11123041

10. Physician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation; 2003. http://www.nof.org/

11. Position statement: executive summary. The Writing Group for the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) Position Development Conference. J Clin Densitom. 2004;7:7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14742882

12. ACOG practice bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:203-216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14704265

13. AACE Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. J Fla Med Assoc. 1996;83:552-566. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9160000

14. Screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:526-528. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12230355

15. Indications and reporting for dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Densitom. 2004;7:37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14742886

16. Solomon DH, Finkelstein JS, Katz JN, Mogun H, Avorn J. Underuse of osteoporosis medications in elderly patients with fractures. Am J Med. 2003;115:398-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=pubmed

17. Kamel HK, Hussain MS, Tariq S, Perry HM, Morley JE. Failure to diagnose and treat osteoporosis in elderly patients hospitalized with hip fracture. Am J Med. 2000;109:326-328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10996585

18. Medicare and Medicaid Program Instructions. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services [Web site]. November 21, 2002. Available at: http://www.cms.hhs.gov/manuals/. Accessed August 3, 2004. http://www.cms.hhs.gov/manuals/

19. Kanis JA. Diagnosis of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7 Suppl 3:S108-S116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9536315

20. Miller PD, Bonnick SL, Rosen CJ, et al. Clinical utility of bone mass measurements in adults: consensus of an international panel. The Society for Clinical Densitometry. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1996;25: 361-372. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8792508

21. De Laet CE, Van Hout BA, Burger H, Weel AE, Hofman A, Pols HA. Hip fracture prediction in elderly men and women: validation in the Rotterdam study. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13:1587-1593. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9783547

22. Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CC, Jr. Baseline measurement of bone mass predicts fracture in white women. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111: 355-361. .http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2764403

23. Ross P, Huang C, Davis J, et al. Predicting vertebral deformity using bone densitometry at various skeletal sites and calcaneus ultrasound. Bone. 1995;16:325-332. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7786635

24. Campion JM, Maricic MJ. Osteoporosis in men. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67:1521-1526. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12722852

25. Greenwald L, Barajas K, White-Greenwald M. Better bone density reporting: T-score report versus fracture risk report with outcome analysis. Am J Manag Care. 2003;9:665-670. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14572176

25. Greenwald L, Barajas K, White-Greenwald M. Better bone density reporting: T-score report versus fracture risk report with outcome analysis. Am J Manag Care. 2003;9:665-670. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14572176

26. Brunader R, Shelton DK. Radiologic bone assessment in the evaluation of osteoporosis. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65:1357-1364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11996418

27. Blake GM, Fogelman I. Applications of bone densitometry for osteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1998;27:267-288. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9669138

28. Wahner HW. Use of densitometry in the management of osteoporosis. In: Meunier PJ, ed. Osteoporosis: Diagnosis and Management. 1st ed. London: Martin Duntz; 1998.

29. Rizzoli R, Slosman D, Bonjour J. The role of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry of lumbar spine and proximal femur in the diagnosis and follow-up of osteoporosis. Am J Med. 1995;98:33S-36S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7709932

30. Michaeli DA, Mirshahi A, Singer J. A new x-ray based osteoporosis screening tool provides accurate and precise assessment of phalanx bone mineral content. J Clin Densitom. 1999;2:23-30.

31. Miller PD, Njeh CF, Jankowski LG, Lenchik L. What are the standards by which bone mass measurement at peripheral skeletal sites should be used in the diagnosis of osteoporosis? J Clin Densitom. 2002;5 Suppl:S39-S45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12464710

32. Rea JA, Li J, Blake GM, Steiger P, Genant HK, Fogelman I. Visual assessment of vertebral deformity by X-ray absorptiometry: a highly predictive method to exclude vertebral deformity. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:660-668. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11095168

33. Schousboe JT, DeBold CR, Bowles C, Glickstein S, Rubino RK. Prevalence of vertebral compression fracture deformity by X-ray absorptiometry of lateral thoracic and lumbar spines in a population referred for bone densitometry. J Clin Densitom. 2002;5:239-246. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12357061

34. Greenspan SL, von Stetten E, Emond SK, Jones L, Parker RA. Instant vertebral assessment: a noninvasive dual X-ray absorptiometry technique to avoid misclassification and clinical mismanagement of osteoporosis. J Clin Densitom. 2001;4:373-380. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11748342

35. Bauer DC, Gluer CC, Cauley JA, et al. Broadband ultrasound attenuation predicts fractures strongly and independently of densitometry in older women. A prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:629-634. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9080917

36. Hans D, Dargent-Molina P, Schott AM, et al. Ultrasonographic heel measurements to predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet. 1996;348:511-514. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8757153

37. Prins SH, Jorgensen HL, Jorgensen LV, Hassager C. The role of quantitative ultrasound in the assessment of bone: a review. Clin Physiol. 1998;18:3-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9545615

38. Faulkner KG, von Stetten E, Miller P. Discordance in patient classification using T-scores. J Clin Densitom. 1999;2:343-350. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10548828

39. Yates AJ, Ross PD, Lydick E, Epstein RS. Radiographic absorptiometry in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Am J Med. 1995;98:41S-47S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7709934

40. Boonen S, Nijs J, Borghs H, Peeters H, Vanderschueren D, Luyten FP. Identifying postmenopausal women with osteoporosis by calcaneal ultrasound, metacarpal digital X-ray radiogrammetry and phalangeal radiographic absorptiometry: a comparative study. Osteoporos Int. 2004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15197540

41. Wasnich RD. Perspective on fracture risk and phalangeal bone mineral density. J Clin Densitom. 1998;1:259-268. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15304897

42. Ohtsuka M, Michaeli D, Wasnich RD. Relationship between phalangeal bone density and risk of vertebral fracture. J Clin Densitom. 2002;5:11-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11940724

43. Mussolino ME, Looker AC, Madans JH, et al. Phalangeal bone density and hip fracture risk. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:433-438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9046895

44. Bracker MD, Watts NB. How to get the most out of bone densitometry. Results can help assess fracture risk and guide therapy. Postgrad Med. 1998;104:77-79, 83-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9793556

45. Greenspan SL. A 73-year-old woman with osteoporosis. JAMA. 1999;281:1531-1540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10227324

46. Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, et al. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Lancet. 1993;341:72-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8093403

47. Cummings SR, Black D. Bone mass measurements and risk of fracture in Caucasian women: a review of findings from prospective studies. Am J Med. 1995;98:24S-28S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7709929

48. Davis JW, Ross PD, Wasnich RD. Evidence for both generalized and regional low bone mass among elderly women. J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9:305-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8191922

49. Black DM, Bauer DC, Lu Y. Should BMD be measured at multiple sites to predict fracture risk in elderly women? J Bone Min Res. 1995;10:S140.

left_shadow

 

01 of 01

Copyright 1995-2005 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.